References

Alberg, Anthony J, Ji Wan Park, Brant W Hager, Malcolm V Brock, and Marie Diener-West. 2004. “The Use of ‘Overall Accuracy’ to Evaluate the Validity of Screening or Diagnostic Tests.” Journal of General Internal Medicine 19 (5p1): 460–65.

Anagnostopoulou, Christina, Konstantia Tolika, Georgia Lazoglou, and Panagiotis Maheras. 2017. “The Exceptionally Cold January of 2017 over the Balkan Peninsula: A Climatological and Synoptic Analysis.” Atmosphere 8 (12): 252.

Antonelli, Alexandre, Kiran L. Dhanjal-Adams, and Daniele Silvestro. 2023. “Integrating Machine Learning, Remote Sensing and Citizen Science to Create an Early Warning System for Biodiversity.” PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET 5 (3): 307–16. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10337.

Baur, F., P. Hess, and H. Nagel. 1944. Kalender Der Großwetterlagen Europas 1881–1939. Bad Homburg: Forschungsinstitut für langfristige Witterungsvorhersage. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/12/6/1562.

Biau, Gérard, and Erwan Scornet. 2016. “A Random Forest Guided Tour.” TEST 25: 197–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11749-016-0481-7.

Bissolli, Peter. 2001. “Wetterlagen Und Großwetterlagen Im 20. Jahrhundert.” DWD Klimastatusbericht. https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/klimastatusbericht/publikationen/ksb2001_pdf/04_2001.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1.

Bissolli, Peter, and Elke Dittmann. 2001. “The Objective Weather Type Classification of the German Weather Service and Its Possibilities of Application to Environmental and Meteorological Investigations.” Meteorologische Zeitschrift 10 (4): 253–60. https://doi.org/10.1127/0941-2948/2001/0010-0253.

Boers, Niklas, Bedartha Goswami, Aljoscha Rheinwalt, Bodo Bookhagen, Brian Hoskins, and Jürgen Kurths. 2019. “Complex Networks Reveal Global Pattern of Extreme-Rainfall Teleconnections.” Nature 566 (7744): 373–77. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0872-x.

Bonannella, Carmelo, Tomislav Hengl, Johannes Heisig, Leandro Parente, Marvin N. Wright, Martin Herold, and Sytze de Bruin. 2022. “Forest Tree Species Distribution for Europe 2000–2020: Mapping Potential and Realized Distributions Using Spatiotemporal Machine Learning.” PeerJ 10: e13728. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13728.

Bonannella, Carmelo, Tomislav Hengl, Leandro Parente, and Sytze de Bruin. 2023. “Biomes of the World Under Climate Change Scenarios: Increasing Aridity and Higher Temperatures Lead to Significant Shifts in Natural Vegetation.” PeerJ 11: e15593. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15593.

Breiman, Leo. 2001. “Random Forests.” Machine Learning 45 (1): 5–32. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933404324.

Brunner, Lukas, Nathalie Schaller, James Anstey, Jana Sillmann, and Andrea K Steiner. 2018. “Dependence of Present and Future European Temperature Extremes on the Location of Atmospheric Blocking.” Geophysical Research Letters 45 (12): 6311–20.

Bury, Thomas M., R. I. Sujith, Induja Pavithran, Marten Scheffer, Timothy M. Lenton, Madhur Anand, and Chris T. Bauch. 2021. “Deep Learning for Early Warning Signals of Tipping Points.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (39): e2106140118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2106140118.

Chauhan, Tejasvi, Vikram Chandel, and Subimal Ghosh. 2024. “Global Land Drought Hubs Confounded by Teleconnection Hotspots in Equatorial Oceans.” Npj Clim Atmos Sci 7 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41612-023-00558-1.

Chen, Tianqi, and Carlos Guestrin. 2016. “XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System.” In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 785–94. ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2939672.2939785.

“Climate Models: An Assessment of Strengths and Limitations.” 2008.

Coles, Stuart. 2001. “An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values.” https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3675-0.

Conrad, O., B. Bechtel, M. Bock, H. Dietrich, E. Fischer, L. Gerlitz, J. Wehberg, V. Wichmann, and J. Böhner. 2015. “System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses (SAGA) v. 2.1.4.” Geoscientific Model Development 8 (7): 1991–2007. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-1991-2015.

Coppola, Erika, Rita Nogherotto, James M. Ciarlo’, Filippo Giorgi, Erik van Meijgaard, Nikolay Kadygrov, Carley Iles, et al. 2021. “Assessment of the European Climate Projections as Simulated by the Large EURO-CORDEX Regional and Global Climate Model Ensemble.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126 (4): e2019JD032356. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032356.

Cutler, D. Richard, Thomas C. Edwards Jr., Karen H. Beard, Adele Cutler, Kyle T. Hess, Jacob Gibson, and Joshua J. Lawler. 2007. “Random Forests for Classification in Ecology.” Ecology. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0539.1.

Czado, Claudia. 2019. “Analyzing Dependent Data with Vine Copulas” 222. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13785-4.

Daalen, Kim R van, Cathryn Tonne, Jan C Semenza, et al. 2024. “The 2024 Europe Report of the Lancet Countdown on Health and Climate Change: Unprecedented Warming Demands Unprecedented Action.” The Lancet Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00055-0.

Deser, Clara, Laurent Terray, and Adam S Phillips. 2016. “Forced and Internal Components of Winter Air Temperature Trends over North America During the Past 50 Years: Mechanisms and Implications.” Journal of Climate 29 (6): 2237–58.

Di Lorenzo, Emanuele, Vincent Combes, Julie Keister, P. Ted Strub, Andrew Thomas, Peter Franks, et al. 2013. “Synthesis of Pacific Ocean Climate and Ecosystem Dynamics.” Oceanography 26 (4): 68–81. https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2013.76.

Dietterich, Thomas G et al. 2002. “Ensemble Learning.” The Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks 2 (1): 110–25.

Durante, Fabrizio., and Carlo. Sempi. 2016. Principles of Copula Theory. Chapman; Hall/CRC. https://www.routledge.com/Principles-of-Copula-Theory/Durante-Sempi/p/book/9781032098470.

Edwards, Paul N. 2011. “History of Climate Modeling.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2 (1): 128–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.95.

Eichler, W. 1970. “Der Strenge Winter 1962/1963 Und Seine Vielschichtigen Biologischen Auswirkungen in Mitteleuropa.” Zool.-Bot. Ges. Österreich. https://docplayer.org/44613438-Der-strenge-winter-1962-1963-und-seine-vielschichtigen-biologischen-auswirkungen-in-mitteleuropa.html.

Embrechts, Paul, Alexander McNeil, and Daniel Strauman. 1999. “Correlation and Dependency in Risk Management.” ETH Zentrum, CH 8092 Zürich: Department Mathematik, ETH Zürich.

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. 2017. “ERA5: Data Documentation.” https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/CKB/ERA5%3A+data+documentation.

“Evaluation of Climate Models.” 2013.

Eyring, Veronika, Sandrine Bony, Gerald A. Meehl, Catherine A. Senior, Bjorn Stevens, Ronald J. Stouffer, and Karl E. Taylor. 2016. “Overview of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) Experimental Design and Organization.” Geoscientific Model Development 9 (5): 1937–58. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1937-2016.

Eyring, Veronika, Peter M. Cox, Gregory M. Flato, Peter J. Gleckler, Gab Abramowitz, Peter Caldwell, et al. 2019. “Taking Climate Model Evaluation to the Next Level.” Nature Climate Change 9 (2): 102–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0355-y.

Eyring, Veronika, Mattia Righi, Axel Lauer, Martin Evaldsson, Sabrina Wenzel, Colin Jones, et al. 2016. “ESMValTool (V1.0) – a Community Diagnostic and Performance Metrics Tool for Routine Evaluation of Earth System Models in CMIP.” Geoscientific Model Development 9 (5): 1747–1802. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-1747-2016.

Fahrmeir, Ludwig, Thomas Kneib, Stefan Lang, and Brian Marx. 2013. “Regression: Models, Methods and Applications.” Regression: Models, Methods and Applications 9783642343339 (September): 1–698. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-34333-9/COVER.

Fisher, Rosie A., Charles D. Koven, William R. L. Anderegg, Bradley O. Christoffersen, Michael C. Dietze, Caroline E. Farrior, Jennifer A. Holm, et al. 2018. “Vegetation Demographics in Earth System Models: A Review of Progress and Priorities.” Global Change Biology, January. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13910.

Forzieri, Giovanni, Marco Girardello, Guido Ceccherini, Jonathan Spinoni, Luc Feyen, Henrik Hartmann, et al. 2021. “Emergent Vulnerability to Climate-Driven Disturbances in European Forests.” Nature Communications 12 (1): 1081. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21399-7.

Friedlingstein, Olivier Boucher, Mark Webb, Jonathan Gregory, et al. 2008. “A Summary of the CMIP5 Experiment Design.” https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/mips/cmip5/docs/Taylor_CMIP5_design.pdf?id=96.

Garnett, Roman. 2023. Bayesian Optimization. Cambridge University Press.

Gasparrini, Antonio, Yuming Guo, Masahiro Hashizume, Eric Lavigne, Antonella Zanobetti, Joel Schwartz, and Ben G Armstrong. 2015. “Mortality Risk Attributable to High and Low Ambient Temperature: A Multicountry Observational Study.” The Lancet 386 (9991): 369–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62114-0.

Genest, C., K. Ghoudi, and L. p. Rivest. 1995. “A Semiparametric Estimation Procedure of Dependence Parameters in Multivariate Families of Distributions.” Biometrika 82 (September): 543–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/BIOMET/82.3.543.

Gilleland, Eric, and Richard W Katz. 2016. “extRemes 2.0: An Extreme Value Analysis Package in r.” Journal of Statistical Software 72: 1–39. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v072.i08.

(GKD), Gewässerkundlicher Dienst Bayern. 2025. “Abfluss Bayern.” https://www.gkd.bayern.de/de/fluesse/abfluss.

Górecki, Jan, Marius Hofert, and Martin Holeňa. 2016. “On Structure, Family and Parameter Estimation of Hierarchical Archimedean Copulas.” Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation 87 (November): 3261–3324. https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2017.1365148.

Government of Canada. 2025. “Canadian Climate Data and Scenarios - CanESM2 Predictions.” https://climate-scenarios.canada.ca/?page=pred-canesm2.

Grimaldi, Salvatore, and Francesco Serinaldi. 2006. “Asymmetric Copula in Multivariate Flood Frequency Analysis.” Advances in Water Resources 29 (August): 1155–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADVWATRES.2005.09.005.

Groisman, Pavel Ya, Thomas R Karl, and Richard W Knight. 1994. “Observed Impact of Snow Cover on the Heat Balance and the Rise of Continental Spring Temperatures.” Science 263 (5144): 198–200.

Häckel, Hans. 2021. Meteorologie. 9., vollständig überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Stuttgart: Verlag Eugen Ulmer. https://katalog.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/titel/68020108.

Hannachi, A., I. T. Jolliffe, and D. B. Stephenson. 2007. “Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Related Techniques in Atmospheric Science: A Review.” International Journal of Climatology 27 (9): 1119–52. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1499.

Hansen, Mark H, Jianhua Z Huang, Charles Kooperberg, Charles J Stone, and Young K Truong. 2006. “Statistical Modeling with Spline Functions: Methodology and Theory (Chapter 3).” https://research.fredhutch.org/content/dam/stripe/kooperberg/ch03.pdf; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center.

Harrison, Sandy. 2017. “BIOME 6000 DB Classified Plotfile Version 1.” https://doi.org/10.17864/1947.99.

Harrison, Sandy P., and Pat Bartlein. 2012. “Records from the Past, Lessons for the Future: What the Palaeorecord Implies about Mechanisms of Global Change.” In The Future of the World’s Climate, edited by Ann Henderson and Kendal McGuffie. Elsevier.

Hartmann, Jens, and Nils Moosdorf. 2012. “Global Lithological Map Database V1.0 (Gridded to 0.5°).” PANGAEA. https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.788537.

Hastie, Trevor, and Robert Tibshirani. 1986. “Generalized Additive Models.” Statistical Science 1 (3): 297–318. https://doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177013604.

Hengl, Tomislav, Jorge Mendes de Jesus, Gerard B. M. Heuvelink, Maria Ruiperez Gonzalez, Milan Kilibarda, Aleksandar Blagotić, Wei Shangguan, et al. 2017. “SoilGrids250m: Global Gridded Soil Information Based on Machine Learning.” PLOS ONE 12 (2): 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169748.

Hengl, Tomislav, Markus G. Walsh, Jonathan Sanderman, Ichsani Wheeler, Sandy P. Harrison, and Iain C. Prentice. 2018. “Global Mapping of Potential Natural Vegetation: An Assessment of Machine Learning Algorithms for Estimating Land Potential.” PeerJ 6: e5457. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5457.

Hersbach, Hans, Bill Bell, Paul Berrisford, Shoji Hirahara, András Horányi, Joaquı́n Muñoz-Sabater, Julien Nicolas, et al. 2020. “The ERA5 Global Reanalysis.” Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 146 (730): 1999–2049.

Hess, Paul. 2005. “Katalog Der Grosswetterlagen Europas Nach Paul Hess Und Helmuth Brezowsky:(1881-2004).”

Hess, Paul, and Helmuth Brezowsky. 1952. Katalog Der Großwetterlagen Europas. Berichte Des Deutschen Wetterdienstes in Der US-Zone 33. Deutscher Wetterdienst. https://search.worldcat.org/title/Katalog-der-Grosswetterlagen-Europas/oclc/66852539.

Hickler, Thomas, Katrin Vohland, Jane Feehan, et al. 2012. “Projecting the Future Distribution of European Potential Natural Vegetation Zones with a Generalized, Tree Species-Based Dynamic Vegetation Model.” Global Ecology and Biogeography 21 (1): 50–63. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00613.x.

Hofert, Marius, Ivan Kojadinovic, Martin Maechler, and Rebecca Morger LastNameJun Yan Johanna G. Nešlehová. 2025. “Package ’Copula’.” https://r-forge.r-project.org/projects/copula/,.

Holdridge, L. R. 1967. Life Zone Ecology. Revised. San Jose, Costa Rica: Tropical Science Center.

Hua, Wenjian, Haishan Chen, Shanlei Sun, and Liming Zhou. 2015. “Assessing Climatic Impacts of Future Land Use and Land Cover Change Projected with the CanESM2 Model.” International Journal of Climatology 35 (12).

IPCC. 2021. “Global Carbon and Other Biogeochemical Cycles and Feedbacks.” In Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 673–816. Cambridge University Press.

Karger, D., O. Conrad, J. Böhner, et al. 2017. “Climatologies at High Resolution for the Earth’s Land Surface Areas.” Scientific Data 4: 170122. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122.

Karpechko, Alexey Yu, Andrew Charlton-Perez, Magdalena Balmaseda, Nicholas Tyrrell, and Frederic Vitart. 2018. “Predicting Sudden Stratospheric Warming 2018 and Its Climate Impacts with a Multimodel Ensemble.” Geophysical Research Letters 45 (24): 13–538.

Kautz, Lisa-Ann, Olivia Martius, Stephan Pfahl, Joaquim G Pinto, Alexandre M Ramos, Pedro M Sousa, and Tim Woollings. 2021. “Atmospheric Blocking and Weather Extremes over the Euro-Atlantic Sector–a Review.” Weather and Climate Dynamics Discussions 2021: 1–43.

Kendall, Maurice G.., and Jean Dickinson. Gibbons. 1990. “Rank Correlation Methods,” 260.

Khajehali, Marzieh, Hamid R. Safavi, Mohammad Reza Nikoo, Mohammad Reza Najafi, and Reza Alizadeh-Sh. 2025. “A Copula-Based Multivariate Flood Frequency Analysis Under Climate Change Effects.” Scientific Reports 2024 15:1 15 (January): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-84543-5.

Körner, Christian, David Basler, Günter Hoch, Chris Kollas, Armando Lenz, Christophe F. Randin, Yann Vitasse, and Niklaus E. Zimmermann. 2016. “Where, Why and How? Explaining the Low-Temperature Range Limits of Temperate Tree Species.” Journal of Ecology 104 (4): 1076–88. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12574.

Kramer, Russell D., H. Roaki Ishii, Kelsey R. Carter, Yuko Miyazaki, Molly A. Cavaleri, Masatake G. Araki, Wakana A. Azuma, Yuta Inoue, and Chinatsu Hara. 2020. “Predicting Effects of Climate Change on Productivity and Persistence of Forest Trees.” Ecological Research 35 (4): 562–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1703.12127.

Kuhn, and Max. 2008. “Building Predictive Models in r Using the Caret Package.” Journal of Statistical Software 28 (5): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v028.i05.

Lau, William K. M., and Kyu-Myong Kim. 2012. “The 2010 Pakistan Flood and Russian Heat Wave: Teleconnection of Hydrometeorological Extremes.” Journal of Hydrometeorology 13 (1): 392–403. https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-11-016.1.

Leduc, Martin, Alain Mailhot, Anne Frigon, Jean-Luc Martel, Ralf Ludwig, Gilbert B. Brietzke, Michel Giguère, et al. 2019. “The ClimEx Project: A 50-Member Ensemble of Climate Change Projections at 12-Km Resolution over Europe and Northeastern North America with the Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM5).” Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 58 (4): 663–93. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-18-0021.1.

Levavasseur, G, M Vrac, D M Roche, and D Paillard. 2012. “Statistical Modelling of a New Global Potential Vegetation Distribution.” Environmental Research Letters 7 (4): 044019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044019.

Lindgren, Amelie, Zhengyao Lu, Qiong Zhang, and Gustaf Hugelius. 2021. “Reconstructing Past Global Vegetation With Random Forest Machine Learning, Sacrificing the Dynamic Response for Robust Results.” Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 13 (2): e2020MS002200. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1029/2020MS002200.

Loikith, Paul C, and J David Neelin. 2019. “Non-Gaussian Cold-Side Temperature Distribution Tails and Associated Synoptic Meteorology.” Journal of Climate 32 (23): 8399–8414.

Mather, John R., and Gary A. Yoshioka. 1968. “The Role of Climate in the Distribution of Vegetation.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 58 (1): 29–41. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2561817.

Meccia, Virna L, Ramón Fuentes-Franco, Paolo Davini, Katinka Bellomo, Federico Fabiano, Shuting Yang, and Jost von Hardenberg. 2023. “Internal Multi-Centennial Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation Simulated by EC-Earth3.” Climate Dynamics 60 (11): 3695–3712.

Mehta, Smit, Chirag Paunwala, and Bhaumik Vaidya. 2019. “CNN Based Traffic Sign Classification Using Adam Optimizer.” In 2019 International Conference on Intelligent Computing and Control Systems (ICCS), 1293–98. IEEE.

Meyer, Hanna, and Edzer Pebesma. 2021. “Predicting into Unknown Space? Estimating the Area of Applicability of Spatial Prediction Models.” Methods in Ecology and Evolution 12 (9): 1620–33. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13650.

Mittermeier, Magdalena, Maximilian Weigert, David Rügamer, Helmut Küchenhoff, and Ralf Ludwig. 2022. “A Deep Learning Based Classification of Atmospheric Circulation Types over Europe: Projection of Future Changes in a CMIP6 Large Ensemble.” Environmental Research Letters 17 (8): 084021. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac8068.

Moishin, Mohammed, Ravinesh C Deo, Ramendra Prasad, Nawin Raj, and Shahab Abdulla. 2021. “Designing Deep-Based Learning Flood Forecast Model with ConvLSTM Hybrid Algorithm.” Ieee Access 9: 50982–93.

Mueller, Markus U, Nikoo Ekhtiari, Rodrigo M Almeida, and Christoph Rieke. 2020. “Super-Resolution of Multispectral Satellite Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks.” arXiv Preprint arXiv:2002.00580.

Nagler, Thomas, Ulf Schepsmeier, Jakob Stoeber, Eike Christian Brechmann, Benedikt Graeler, and Tobias Erhardt. 2024. “VineCopula: Statistical Inference of Vine Copulas.” https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=VineCopula.

Nelsen, Roger B. 2006. “An Introduction to Copulas.” An Introduction to Copulas. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-28678-0.

Newton, Alicia, Robert Thunell, and Lowell Stott. 2006. “Climate and Hydrographic Variability in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool During the Last Millennium.” Geophysical Research Letters 33 (19). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027234.

Ni, Jian, Sandy P. Harrison, I. Colin Prentice, et al. 2006. “Impact of Climate Variability on Present and Holocene Vegetation: A Model-Based Study.” Ecological Modelling 191 (3-4): 469–86.

Nowack, Peer, Jakob Runge, Veronika Eyring, and Joanna D. Haigh. 2020. “Causal Networks for Climate Model Evaluation and Constrained Projections.” Nature Communications 11 (1): 1415. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15195-y.

Okhrin, Ostap, and Alexander Ristig. 2014. “Hierarchical Archimedean Copulae: The HAC Package.” Journal of Statistical Software 58: 1–20. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v058.i04.

Opitz, Juri, and Sebastian Burst. 2019. “Macro F1 and Macro F1.” arXiv Preprint arXiv:1911.03347.

Ozaki, Yoshihiko, Yuki Tanigaki, Shuhei Watanabe, Masahiro Nomura, and Masaki Onishi. 2022. “Multiobjective Tree-Structured Parzen Estimator.” Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research 73: 1209–50.

Palmer, T E, B B B Booth, and C F McSweeney. 2021. “How Does the CMIP6 Ensemble Change the Picture for European Climate Projections?” Environmental Research Letters 16 (9): 094042. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1ed9.

Pan, Ruyi, Luis E Nieto-Barajas, and Radu Craiu. 2024. “Bivariate Temporal Dependence via Mixtures of Rotated Copulas.”

Parajka, J., S. Kohnová, G. Bálint, M. Barbuc, M. Borga, P. Claps, S. Cheval, et al. 2010. “Seasonal Characteristics of Flood Regimes Across the Alpine-Carpathian Range.” Journal of Hydrology 394 (November): 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHYDROL.2010.05.015.

Pichler, Maximilian, and Florian Hartig. 2023. “Machine Learning and Deep Learning—A Review for Ecologists.” Methods in Ecology and Evolution 14 (4): 994–1016. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.14061.

Pinto, I, M Rantanen, K Ødemark, J Tradowsky, E Kjellström, C Barnes, F Otto, et al. 2024. “Extreme Cold Will Still Occur in Northern Europe, Although Less Often–Risking Decreasing Preparedness and Higher Vulnerability.” Cambridge University Press 10: 108899.

Planchon, Olivier, Hervé Quénol, Liviu Irimia, and Cristi Patriche. 2015. “European Cold Wave During February 2012 and Impacts in Wine Growing Regions of Moldavia (Romania).” Theoretical and Applied Climatology 120: 469–78.

Poli, Paul, Hans Hersbach, Dick Dee, John Siminski, Patrick Laloyaux, Debora Tan, Carole Peubey, et al. 2016. “ERA-20C: An Atmospheric Reanalysis of the Twentieth Century.” Journal of Climate 29 (11): 4083–97. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0556.1.

Prentice, I. Colin et al. 2007. “Dynamic Global Vegetation Modeling: Quantifying Terrestrial Ecosystem Responses to Large-Scale Environmental Change.” In Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World, 175–92. Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

Quesada, Benjamin, Robert Vautard, and Pascal Yiou. 2023. “Cold Waves Still Matter: Characteristics and Associated Climatic Signals in Europe.” Climatic Change 176 (6): 70.

Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert. 1986. “North American Precipitation and Temperature Patterns Associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO).” Monthly Weather Review 114 (12): 2352–62. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<2352:NAPATP>2.0.CO;2.

Runge, Jakob, Sebastian Bathiany, Erik Bollt, Gustau Camps-Valls, Dim Coumou, Ethan Deyle, et al. 2019. “Inferring Causation from Time Series in Earth System Sciences.” Nature Communications 10: 2553. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10105-3.

Samaniego, L., S. Thober, R. Kumar, et al. 2018. “Anthropogenic Warming Exacerbates European Soil Moisture Droughts.” Nature Climate Change 8 (5): 421–26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0138-5.

Sanderson, Marie. 1999. “The Classification of Climates from Pythagoras to Koeppen.” Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 80 (4): 669–73. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<0669:TCOCFP>2.0.CO;2.

Sato, H., and T. Ise. 2022. “Predicting Global Terrestrial Biomes with the LeNet Convolutional Neural Network.” Geoscientific Model Development 15 (7): 3121–32. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3121-2022.

Shannon, Claude E., and Warren Weaver. 1949. The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press.

Sippel, Sebastian, Clair Barnes, Camille Cadiou, Erich Fischer, Sarah Kew, Marlene Kretschmer, Sjoukje Philip, et al. 2024. “Could an Extremely Cold Central European Winter Such as 1963 Happen Again Despite Climate Change?” Weather and Climate Dynamics 5 (3): 943–57.

Sippel, Sebastian, Nicolai Meinshausen, Anna Merrifield, Flavio Lehner, Angeline G Pendergrass, Erich Fischer, and Reto Knutti. 2019. “Uncovering the Forced Climate Response from a Single Ensemble Member Using Statistical Learning.” Journal of Climate 32 (17): 5677–99.

Smith, C., J. C. A. Baker, and D. V. Spracklen. 2023. “Tropical Deforestation Causes Large Reductions in Observed Precipitation.” Nature 615 (7951): 270–75. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05690-1.

Smoliak, Brian V, John M Wallace, Pu Lin, and Qiang Fu. 2015. “Dynamical Adjustment of the Northern Hemisphere Surface Air Temperature Field: Methodology and Application to Observations.” Journal of Climate 28 (4): 1613–29.

Spacesystems, NASA/METI/AIST/Japan, and U. S./Japan ASTER Science Team. 2019. “ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model V003.” https://doi.org/10.5067/ASTER/ASTGTM.003.

Umwelt (LfU), Bayerisches Landesamt für. 2025. “Hochwasserereignisse Und Ihre Folgen.” https://www.lfu.bayern.de/wasser/hw_ereignisse/index.htm.

Vatter, Thibault, and Thomas Nagler. 2018. “Generalized Additive Models for Pair-Copula Constructions.” Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 27 (October): 715–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/10618600.2018.1451338.

Wallace, John M, Yuan Zhang, and James A Renwick. 1995. “Dynamic Contribution to Hemispheric Mean Temperature Trends.” Science 270 (5237): 780–83.

Ward, Rachel, Xiaoxia Wu, and Leon Bottou. 2020. “Adagrad Stepsizes: Sharp Convergence over Nonconvex Landscapes.” Journal of Machine Learning Research 21 (219): 1–30.

Wasko, Conrad, and Danlu Guo. 2025. “hydroEvents: Extract Event Statistics in Hydrologic Time Series.” https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=hydroEvents.

Weisman, Alan. 2008. The World Without Us. Macmillan.

Werner, P. C., and F. W. Gerstengarbe. 2010. Katalog Der Großwetterlagen Europas (1881–2009) Nach Paul Hess Und Helmut Brezowsky. PIK Report 119. Potsdam-Institut für Klimafolgenforschung. https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/output/publications/pikreports/.files/pr119.pdf.

Wright, Marvin N., and Andreas Ziegler. 2017. “ranger: A Fast Implementation of Random Forests for High Dimensional Data in C++ and R.” Journal of Statistical Software 77 (1): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v077.i01.

Wyser, Klaus, Torben Koenigk, Ulrich Fladrich, Roberto Fuentes-Franco, Mohammad P. Karami, and Tim Kruschke. 2021. “The SMHI Large Ensemble (SMHI-LENS) with EC-Earth3.3.1.” Geoscientific Model Development 14 (9): 4781–96. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-14-4781-2021.

Yu, Dong, Li Deng, Dong Yu, and Li Deng. 2015. “Deep Neural Network-Hidden Markov Model Hybrid Systems.” Automatic Speech Recognition: A Deep Learning Approach, 99–116.

Yu, Qiuyan, Wenjie Ji, Lara Prihodko, et al. 2021. “Study Becomes Insight: Ecological Learning from Machine Learning.” Methods in Ecology and Evolution 12 (11): 2117–28.

Zhang, Lan, and V. P. Singh. 2019. “Copulas and Their Applications in Water Resources Engineering.” Copulas and Their Applications in Water Resources Engineering, January, 1–603. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108565103.

Zhang, Xiaolin, and Weiqing Han. 2020. “Effects of Climate Modes on Interannual Variability of Upwelling in the Tropical Indian Ocean.” Journal of Climate 33 (4): 1547–73. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0386.1.

Zhong, Yi, Prabhakar Chalise, and Jianghua He. 2023. “Nested Cross-Validation with Ensemble Feature Selection and Classification Model for High-Dimensional Biological Data.” Communications in Statistics-Simulation and Computation 52 (1): 110–25.

Zou, Fangyu, Li Shen, Zequn Jie, Weizhong Zhang, and Wei Liu. 2019. “A Sufficient Condition for Convergences of Adam and Rmsprop.” In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 11127–35.

Zou, Hui, and Trevor Hastie. 2005. “Regularization and Variable Selection via the Elastic Net.” Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology 67 (2): 301–20.